How does an app like Threads get access to financial, political, health, religious or browsing info through your phone's OS. What is the actual source of that data? - eviltoast

I’m trying to understand how an app would even get that info in the first place, how that’s classified and why a mobile operating system even has a way to provide that data.

Am I correct in assuming that if an app is used without play store / play store framework that it would not be able to get access to that data?

Thanks!