The power brick can supply more than 5 V over a standard USB port because it’s not adhering to USB standards for supplying power. As a result, data and power are decoupled, allowing the power brick to supply more than a standard USB port over a connector and cable which are identical to USB ports and cables.
That’s the part you are missing. Modern charging doesn’t use standard USB power. That’s the whole fast charging landscape is addressing.
Read this https://www.androidcentral.com/qualcomm-quick-charge
The power brick can supply more than 5 V over a standard USB port because it’s not adhering to USB standards for supplying power. As a result, data and power are decoupled, allowing the power brick to supply more than a standard USB port over a connector and cable which are identical to USB ports and cables.